p. 99−115
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p. 117−130
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p. 131−144
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p. 145−155
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urban > vegetation > water bodies. Most of bare land and built-up areas exist as heat island regions. The total area of UHIs was 397.5 km2; 119.8 km2 as bare land (30.2%), 201.2 km2 as built-up (50.6%), 0.2 km2 as water (0.05%) and 76.3 km2 as vegetation (19.2%). Low mean values of NDVI and MNDWI were observed in association with UHIs regions which confirmed the positive impact of green cover and water bodies in eliminating UHIs phenomena. On other hand, NDBI showed high mean level in UHIs comparing to its levels in the study area. The average value of PM10 over UHI (94.26 µg/m3) was more than that in the study area (81.07 µg/m3). It can be concluded that the decrease in green spaces and water bodies as well as the increase in urban density lead to increasing the intensity and widespread of UHIs phenomenon. Therefore, the study recommends the necessity to consider results of the present study for urban designers, planners, and architects in designing and planning urban communities.]]>
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I2 > I3 >I4 in both seasons. Water saving by I2, I3 and I4 treatments were 4.64, 10.92 and 22.55%, respectively, comparing to I1-Treatment. Both of (I3) and (F3) treatments gave the highest increasing percent of the seed yield of faba bean and most its components, in both seasons. The highest values of water consumptive use, water application and water distribution efficiencies and ground water contribution were recorded under (I4) in both seasons. The combination of I4 and F3 treatments surpassed the other treatments in increasing water productivity and productivity of irrigation water for seed and straw yields, net return, net return from water unit and economic efficiency of faba bean seed and biological yields in both seasons. It can be concluded that I4 or I3 in combination with F3 is the proper treatments to obtain higher production of faba bean, water saving and economic returns.]]>
p. 175−191
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p. 193−205
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