eng
The National Information and Documentation Centre (NIDOC) affiliated to Academy of Scientific Research and Technology(ASRT)
Egyptian Journal of Soil Science
0302-6701
2357-0369
2014-12-30
54
4
289
304
10.21608/ejss.2014.179
179
Original Article
Status of Heavy Metals in Soils of Assiut as Affected by the Long-Term Use of Sewage Water in Crop Irrigation: Case Study
C ONCERNING soil pollution with heavy metals, a survey study was carried out to evaluate the present status of Cd, Ni, Pb, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in agricultural soils near Assiut city. Over 40-50 years, soils were either irrigated with underground, or sewage waste water at six sites, namely El-Madabegh, Mankabad, Ellwan, Bani Hussein, Bani Ghalleb and Gahdam. Thirty-six soil profiles were dug and subsamples were taken to determine the status of the selected elements using standard methods. Data of this study indicate that the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni are present at high levels in the soils irrigated with sewage wastewater relative to that irrigated with underground water. A survey to evaluate metals uptake by the crops under agriculture at the indicated sites is needed, but the use of sewage wastewater in irrigation at the indicated sites needs to be justified.
https://ejss.journals.ekb.eg/article_179_7340bfbfdc2ff795fcd23a9894c2b3ae.pdf
eng
The National Information and Documentation Centre (NIDOC) affiliated to Academy of Scientific Research and Technology(ASRT)
Egyptian Journal of Soil Science
0302-6701
2357-0369
2014-12-30
54
4
305
318
10.21608/ejss.2014.180
180
Original Article
Impact of Irrigation Intervals and Fertilization on Actual Evapotranspiration and Wheat Production
FIELD experiments were conducted in clay loam soil during two …. successive seasons 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 at the Agricultural Experimental station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University to investigate the impact of 4 irrigation frequencies combined with three fertilizers as well as control treatment (without fertilizer) on actual evapotranspiration (ETa), grain yield (Triticum aestivum, L. Sids1) and water use efficiency (WUS) of wheat under furrow irrigation system and Giza region conditions. The results clearly revealed that increasing irrigation frequency significantly decreased seasonal ETa values during studied growing seasons. While the addition of inorganic and organic fertilizers to the studied soil significantly increased seasonal ETa compared to the control treatment (without fertilizers). The wheat crop irrigated by short irrigation interval ≤ 14 days with fertilization by combined between inorganic and organic fertilizers increased seasonal ETa values. While the wheat crop irrigated by the long irrigation interval of 18 days with separately organic fertilizer decreased seasonal ETa value. The results revealed that irrigation interval every 10 days with combined fertilizers treatment had the highest seasonal ETa value (44.56 cm) while the irrigation interval every 18 days with separately organic fertilizer had the lowest seasonal ETa value (37.79 cm) compared to the control treatment (without fertilizers) during studied growing seasons. The results noticed that the effect of irrigation frequencies significantly influenced the grain yield for studied growing seasons. Wheat grain yield values increased by increasing irrigation interval from 10 to 14 days. However, the increasing irrigation interval to 18 days decreased wheat grain yield. The wheat grain yield values significantly increased by the addition of combined inorganic and organic fertilizers to the studied soil compared with the control treatment (without fertilizers) during studied growing seasons. The wheat crop irrigated by the short irrigation interval of 14 days with fertilization by combined between inorganic and organic fertilizers increased grain yield values, while, irrigated by the long irrigation interval more than 14 days with separately organic fertilizer decreased grain yield values. Generally, the results showed that increasing irrigation frequency significantly decreased the water use efficiency values of the wheat crop during studied growing seasons. The addition of inorganic and organic fertilizers to the studied soil significantly increased wheat WUS compared to the control treatment (without fertilizers). The interaction between irrigation frequencies and fertilizers types on water use efficiency values of the wheat crop was no significant effect. The wheat crop irrigated by short irrigation interval of 14 days with fertilization by combined between inorganic and organic fertilizers increased wheat WUS values, while, irrigated by the long irrigation interval of 18 days with separately organic fertilizer decreased WUS values. Consequently, under furrow irrigation system and Giza region conditions, the irrigation interval of wheat plants must be a short interval of 14 days with fertilization by combined between inorganic and organic fertilizers in clay loam soil.
https://ejss.journals.ekb.eg/article_180_11d8ee2325b64bf90971f2f8c6bd351e.pdf
Wheat
water use efficiency
actual evapotranspiration
Irrigation frequency
Organic and inorganic fertilizers
eng
The National Information and Documentation Centre (NIDOC) affiliated to Academy of Scientific Research and Technology(ASRT)
Egyptian Journal of Soil Science
0302-6701
2357-0369
2014-12-30
54
4
319
336
10.21608/ejss.2014.181
181
Original Article
Effect of Silicon and Saline Irrigation Water on Productivity of Two Wheat Cultivars at South Sinai, Egypt
TWO field experiments were conducted at Ras-Sudr Research …… Station, South Sinai Governorate during two successive seasons, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, to study the effect of three levels of silicon as KAlSi3O8 incorporated into the soil at (100, 200 and 300 kg/ fed) compared to control (without silicon) on two wheat cultivars Sakha 94 (salt-tolerant) and Gimeza 10,( salt-sensitive). Both cultivars were irrigated from two wells different in salinity levels (4236 and 4748 ppm, moderate level) and (7001 and 7360 ppm high level) in the first and second seasons, respectively.
Obtained results showed that increasing irrigation water salinity from (4236 up to 7001 ppm) in the first season and from (4748 to 7360 ppm) in the second season, decreased the grain yield and its components in Sakha 94 and Gimeza 10. Gimeza 10 was superior to Sakha 94 in all yield criteria in the two growing seasons except protein yield was superior in Sakha 94. The highest level of silicon (300 kg KAlSi3O8 /fed) had the superiority effect in decreasing the soil salinity hazard and consequently increased significantly all yield criteria of the two cultivars.
The effect of second order interaction indicated that incorporated soil by silicon (300 kg/fed) planted with Gimeza 10 which irrigated by (4236 and 4748 ppm) produced the highest grain yield and yield components in both seasons. However, the highest protein yield has resulted in Gimeza 10 treated with silicon (300 kg/fed). Grain yield was significantly improved in Gimeza 10, than Sakha 94, with the application of silicon (300 kg/fed).
Potassium content was significantly increased in grain wheat cultivars due to soil application of silicon under saline soil conditions. Sodium content was higher in grain wheat, cv. Sakha, 94, under saline soil condition; however Si application significantly reduced Na content in grain, while it significantly increased in K: Na ratio. High K and low Na contents in grain wheat cultivars may be one of the possible mechanisms of increasing salinity tolerance by silicon application.
In general, the current research suggested that Si application not only increased the quantity but also enhanced the quality of wheat cultivars grown under salt stress conditions. Therefore, silicon at the rate of 300kg/fed and Gimeza 10, which irrigated with a moderate level of salinity (4236 ppm) encourage the farmers to use of silicon to give promising grain yield.
https://ejss.journals.ekb.eg/article_181_428398bb93f061ea1931c0ccb0cbd16a.pdf
Saline irrigation water
silicon
Wheat cultivars
potassium
sodium
yield
yield components
eng
The National Information and Documentation Centre (NIDOC) affiliated to Academy of Scientific Research and Technology(ASRT)
Egyptian Journal of Soil Science
0302-6701
2357-0369
2014-12-30
54
4
337
354
10.21608/ejss.2014.182
182
Original Article
WET Sensor Technique to Evaluate Soil Moisture Distribution Patterns under Different Discharge Rates
INSURANCE precise placement of water and fertilizer in active root …….zone is based on suitable moisture distribution pattern under point source emitter, consequently, is affected by some soil properties and emitter discharge rate. This investigation aims to evaluate the patterns of soil moisture distribution under different discharge rates for two different soils (sandy and loamy). The studied discharge rates were 1.8, 4.6 and 8 L h-1, in addition to flooding application for comparison. The study also aims to detect the reliability of applying equivalent water depth equation, particularly when water is trickling. For all treatments, soil moisture was measured using a moisture meter called "WET sensor" which calibrated in Lab. for both soils before field work. Validation of Schwartzman and Zur’s model as a simplified semi-empirical method to determine the geometry of wetted soil volume was to detect both studied soils as an additional objective. The obtained results showed a high correlation between sensor reading and oven-dried value, introduced high R2 values equaled 0.999 and 0.9804 for sandy and loamy soil, respectively. Based on the designed wetted soil volume, results showed that the best moisture distribution was recorded under 4.6 L h-1 and flooding treatment for sandy soil while recorded under 1.8 and 4.6 L h-1 rates for loamy soil. Generally, the application rate of 4.6 L h-1 could achieve the desired moisture distribution in both soils, therefore, this trickling rate should be selected in such soils than the other. Applying of equivalent water depth equation showed that desired progression of wettingfrontappeared to be closely achieved under flooding treatment in sandy soilthan in loamy. So, flooding irrigation could be successfully applied sandy soil with rationally water amounts. Therefore, from the view point of wastewater, nutrients loss and soil contamination, flooding could be more safety compared to the other treatments. On the other hand, applying the same equation for loamy soil could only be achieved by 87 % and 67 % of the desired moisture for a given depth under 8.0 L h-1 and flooding treatments, respectively. So, 8.0 L h-1 and flooding treatments are not recommended for such soil. Regarding both irrigation scheduling and design, the statistical analysis indicated that the most suitable wetted depth and width could be obtained under 4.6 L h-1 for sandy soil and under 1.8 and 4.6 L h-1 for loamy soil, therefore, an economic emitters distance and reduction of salt accumulation around the plant could be achieved. According to soil hydraulic conductivity, wetted width to witted depth ratio could be used as a decision support aid to determine the emitter distance and numbers, consequently, avoid wastewater and cost. Considering the difficult in measuring both laterally and vertically water movement, obtained results showed a good agreement between simulated of Schwartzman-Zur's model and field observations particularly for the loamy soil than sandy.
https://ejss.journals.ekb.eg/article_182_b8eb1ac3819fbdc8d1701985f924ff64.pdf
Emitter discharge
Equivalent water depth
Moisture pattern
Wetted soil volume
eng
The National Information and Documentation Centre (NIDOC) affiliated to Academy of Scientific Research and Technology(ASRT)
Egyptian Journal of Soil Science
0302-6701
2357-0369
2014-12-30
54
4
355
371
10.21608/ejss.2014.183
183
Original Article
Impact of Irrigation Management on Shallow Groundwater Fluctuation and Soil Salinity: The Saltmed Model
IN SIWA OASIS, situated in Egypt, secondary salinization of irrigated lands is a crucial problem. The results found that the Siwa shallow groundwater (SGW) and high summer evapotranspiration is considered the main cause of soil salinization, however, the irrigation water sodicity is considered the main causes of soil sodicity. The SGW depth generally decreased in winter and increased in summer seasons. A high correlation was found between the soil EC (dS m-1) and soil SAR and Cl (meq L-1) (R2 = 0.89 and 0.91 for SAR and Cl, respectively), consequently, the dominant ions in Siwa soil solution are Na and Cl. The results also emphasise good correlation between soil available nitrogen and SGW contamination with nitrate (r2 = 0.80 and 0.73, winter and summer, respectively). The eutrophication is expected in the study area especially in winter seasons due to nitrate concentrations increase. A conceptual, daily, semi-distributed hydrologic Saltmed model was found to be successful under Siwa climatic conditions. The model recorded that the quantity of irrigation water used in traditional irrigation is more than requirement. The traditional irrigation applies 300 L/m2/14 days, however, the quantity of 50 L/m2/14 days is adequate for olive crop water requirement and soil salinity removal. The results of this research could be applicable to similar situations worldwide.
https://ejss.journals.ekb.eg/article_183_4bbbf5c7df8a34c9b33933f09b8cfad8.pdf
Soil salinity
Siwa Oasis
Shallow Groundwater
Saltmed model
eng
The National Information and Documentation Centre (NIDOC) affiliated to Academy of Scientific Research and Technology(ASRT)
Egyptian Journal of Soil Science
0302-6701
2357-0369
2014-12-30
54
4
373
386
10.21608/ejss.2014.184
184
Original Article
Acid-Base Properties of Humic Acids Isolated from Different Sources
POTENTIOMETRIC titration was used for obtaining detailed ……information on the acid-base properties of humic acids. The studied humic acids were isolated from different four sources, i.e., alluvial soil (HAs), farmyard manure (HAf), compost (HAc) and poudrette (HAp). The isolated humic acids were purified and performed. Back titration using 0.1M HCl as the titrant and direct titration using 0.1M NaOH as the titrant of humic acid solutions (2 mg/ml) at the ionic strength of 0.1 were executed. Moreover, total acidity and functional groups of humic acids were estimated.
The studied humic acids were similar in their acid-base properties: i) the data of direct and back titration curves which limited the position and composition of dissociation or ionization of functional groups of the studied humic acids were more similar, ii) total functional groups of HA determined from back and direct potentiometric titration was ranged between 5.40-6.54 and 4.20-5.00 mmolc/g HA, respectively, iii) total functional groups of humic acids determined using potentiometric titration were varied from those determined using normal titration methods, where total functional groups at normal titration methods ranged between 11.32 and 19.58 mmolc/g HA and iv) humic acid extracted from poudrette has the highest value of total acidity followed by compost, farmyard manure, while the soil came late.
https://ejss.journals.ekb.eg/article_184_7b42fb36cd7664dce9be0a98d1175773.pdf
Potentiometric titration
Acid-base properties
Humic acids
Functional groups
eng
The National Information and Documentation Centre (NIDOC) affiliated to Academy of Scientific Research and Technology(ASRT)
Egyptian Journal of Soil Science
0302-6701
2357-0369
2014-12-30
54
4
387
400
10.21608/ejss.2014.185
185
Original Article
Adsorption Behavior of Lead, Cadmium and Nickel on some Calcareous Soils
THERE are many environmental factors that influence the mobility …. and bioavailability behavior of some heavy metals in soils. One of these factors is the content and form of calcium carbonate in soils.
Experimental work has been carried out applying 1 and 3 mmole (mM) of Pb, Cd and Ni (in chloride forms) on 5 different calcareous soils from the north coast area, Egypt. The adsorption of these elements at interval times from 1 to 168 hours was measured. Four kinetic models were applied: Elovich, Modified Frendlich, Horels and Diffusion equation.
The obtained results indicate that the adsorption process takes three stages, a rapid rate from the starting time to about 2 hr, intermediate stage until about 100 hours and slow or steady rate until the end of the reaction (168 hr). Comparing the adsorption process through the five soil samples can be arranged as follows; S5>S3>S4>S2>S1. The retention of heavy metals depends on the amount of active calcium carbonate, clay content and surface area of the soil. The values of adsorbed three heavy metals on the five soil samples can be arranged as; Cd > Pb >Ni.
The constants of the four kinetic equations (a, b and r2) were compared for the two concentrations of each metal (Elovich, Modified Frendlich Equation "MFE", Horels and Diffusion). The correlation coefficient between soil criteria and the constants of the applied kinetic models reveals that highly positive correlation between active calcium carbonate, surface area and clay content with a and b constants in Elovich and Diffusion equations.
https://ejss.journals.ekb.eg/article_185_379e309d89107f81bbcebd47de5834db.pdf
Adsorption of heavy metals (Pb
Cd
Ni)
Calcareous soils (Elovich
Modified Frendlich
Horels and Diffusion Equations)